美好烏托邦 IS用計攬新血

譯解／劉佳硯

雖然伊斯蘭國（IS）以斬首和酷刑的恐怖形象聞名，但是現在他們試圖以冒險旅程、家庭、工作甚至是戀愛機會的承諾，吸引外國人來到哈里發國（Caliphate）。

聖戰士團體伊斯蘭國（Islamic State）運用老練的招募手法，已經吸引數以百計來自西方國家的支持者，前進他們在敘利亞、伊拉克攻掠的地盤。

起初，這些招募的花招著重於吸引年輕男性加入聖戰士的行列。後來，招募行動漸漸鎖定年輕的西方女性。上個月三名英國少女逃離倫敦家鄉，加入聖戰士的行列，這一樁戲劇性案例說明了伊斯蘭國最近的目標。

專家說，很多人在抵達伊斯蘭國境內後對於所見所聞感到震驚，但卻也為時已晚。

拜魯特卡內基中東中心 （the Carnegie Endowment's Middle East Centre） 主任莉娜‧哈蒂柏（Lina Khatib） 說：「伊斯蘭國兜售伊斯蘭烏托邦的理想國概念，來吸引年輕男女。」 「並且告訴他們伊斯蘭國是全世界唯一真正的伊斯蘭國家，他們可以在這裡成為重要的人物。」

專家說，前往這個「哈里發國」的西方人士約有3,000人，其中約550人為女性。伊斯蘭國土地為約旦兩倍多，人口約600萬。

在最近備受矚目的案例中，三名同為閨密的倫敦青少女，上個月從倫敦飛至土耳其後，據信已越過邊界進入敘利亞，一人為16歲、另兩人為15歲。

其中一人據信曾與蘇格蘭格拉斯哥 （Glasgow） 女子阿克薩‧馬穆德（Aqsa Mahmood）連繫。據傳馬穆德去年前往敘利亞，嫁給一名伊斯蘭國戰士。

馬穆德的英語部落格「旅人日誌」（Diary of a Muhajirah），成為伊斯蘭國針對女性的主要宣傳來源。

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馬穆德在最近一篇部落格文章中寫道：「我們在這裡不用付租金，房子是免費分發給我們，我們也不用負擔水電費；我們每個月還能分到食品雜貨像是義大利麵條、麵糰、罐頭食物、米和蛋。」

她說，對於想尋找教育與健康照護職業的婦女，她們也可以找到工作。馬穆德寫道，在伊斯蘭國領土結婚也能獲得津貼。伊斯蘭國戰士舉行婚禮可獲得「七天休假」做為賀禮，新娘可選擇自己的嫁妝，不過，她們沒有索取珠寶，反而要求卡拉希尼柯夫（亦即AK-47等系列）突擊步槍。

馬穆德寫道：「新婚夫婦可獲得700美元禮金。」她說：「我們沒有煙火，但是以槍聲與很多大讚辭慶祝婚禮」。大讚辭指的是高喊「真主至大」。

照片中留著鬍子的聖戰士和他身著白色面紗的新婚妻子並肩而站，照片上圖說寫著「直到殉難才能將我們分開」。

馬穆德回應一名年輕女孩的問題寫道：「 我保證有一天會有人緊緊摟著你，修補妳破碎的心─是的，他是妳的清真丈夫 」。因為這名女孩要離開男友，搬往敘利亞而起衝突。清真一詞被用來形容，遵守伊斯蘭宗教規範的事物包括人、食物和服務。

其他伊斯蘭國的招攬工具像是線上英語宣傳雜誌Dabiq，它同樣兜售外國人在入境後可享受的福利。

Dabiq雜誌上寫到「這裡有充足的住處和資源可以庇護你和你的家人」。但伊拉克官員表示，伊斯蘭國實則接管平民逃難後遺留下來的住宅，並且重新分配給聖戰士居住。

Dabiq雜誌在自家的分類廣告上，為IS宣傳，延攬「法官、軍事和行政技能、醫生和工程師等人才」前往伊斯蘭國。

卡內基中心的哈蒂柏說，像馬穆德這樣的宣傳人員，很明顯是在IS的監視之下運作。

哈蒂柏表示，「如果馬穆德是真的，那毫無疑問是被伊斯蘭國集團監督著」、「馬穆德是他們眾多招募新血的工具之一」。 《ISIS：恐怖軍團祕辛》（ISIS：Inside the Army of Terror）作者哈山 （Hassan Hassan）告訴記者：「這些女孩加入伊斯蘭國，是為了尋求冒險，當中有些人活在幻想世界，夢想嫁給戰士。」不過，專家說，等到他們成為其中一員，這些年輕新血就會發現，試圖脫離伊斯蘭國，將讓他們性命不保。

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根據敘利亞人權瞭望台組織（Syrian Observatory for Human Rights），去年10月到12月之間，有120多人因試圖離開伊斯蘭國領土而遭到殺害。

哈蒂柏表示，「我對兩名自伊斯蘭國占領據點─拉卡（Raqa）或其它區域回來的年輕男性進行訪問，他們清楚表達憤慨的情緒，認為他們被騙了」。

這些年輕男性遭遇的是「以壓迫為基礎的治理模式，並且告訴他們不要思考」，取代了一開始向他們所推銷的「伊斯蘭國烏托邦的理想世界」。

「他們覺得自己買到了一個空殼計畫」。（完）

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encounter （動詞） 遭遇、遇到。例句：The Obama administration's plan for U.N. climate change talks encountered swift opposition after its release, with Republican leaders warning other countries to "proceed with caution" in negotiations with Washington because any deal could be later undone. 美國總統歐巴馬政府的聯合國氣候變遷談判計畫，在公布之後很快面臨被打槍的命運，共和黨領導人對其他國家提出「謹慎行事」的警告，因為和華盛頓協商的任何交易可能會在之後被撤銷。

Promises of love, jobs for foreign recruits in IS 'utopia' BEIRUT, March 7, 2015 （AFP） - It has become known for horrific images ofbeheadings and torture, but the Islamic State group is trying to lure foreignrecruits to its "caliphate" with promises of adventure, homes, jobs -- even love.

Using sophisticated recruitment techniques, the jihadists have attractedhundreds of supporters from Western countries to the swathes of territory theyhave seized in Syria and Iraq.

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In the beginning, these efforts focused on luring young men to join theranks of jihadist fighters. But IS is increasingly targeting young Western women, as dramaticallyillustrated last month when three British teenaged girls ran away from theirLondon homes to join the jihadists.

Experts say many are shocked by what they find in IS territory, but by thenit is too late.

"IS sells its Islamic utopia to these young men and women," said LinaKhatib, head of the Carnegie Endowment's Middle East Centre in Beirut. "It tells them that this is the only real Islamic state in the world, andthat they can become important figures in it."

Experts say the number of Westerners who have traveled to the "caliphate",which is more than twice the size of Jordan and home to about six millionpeople, is about 3,000, including roughly 550 women.

In the latest high-profile case, three close friends from London -- a16-year-old and two 15-year-old girls -- are believed to have crossed intoSyria last month after flying to Turkey from London.

One of them is believed to have been in contact with Aqsa Mahmood, a woman from Glasgow, Scotland, who reportedly travelled to Syria last year to marry an IS fighter.

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Mahmood's English-language blog -- "Diary of a Muhajirah" （Diary of aTraveller） -- has become a key source of IS propaganda aimed at women. - 'Till martyrdom do us part' - =============================== "We don't pay rent here. Houses are given for free. We pay neither electricnor water bills. We are given monthly groceries. Spaghetti, pasta, can foods,rice, eggs," Mahmood wrote in one recent post.

Work is available too, she said, for women who want jobs in education andhealth care. Marriage in IS territory also has its perks, Mahmood has written.

IS fighters receive "seven days off" as part of the wedding celebrationsand brides can choose their own dowry -- but instead of requests forjewellery, they ask for Kalashnikovs.

"Newly married couples are given $700 as a gift," Mahmood wrote. "We don'thave fireworks but we celebrate the wedding by gunshots and lots of takbeer,"or shouts of "Allahu akbar" （God is greatest）.

A picture featured on her site of a bearded fighter and his new wife,dressed in a full white veil, was captioned: "Till martyrdom do us part."

Responding to a question from a young girl conflicted about leaving herboyfriend and moving to Syria, Mahmood wrote: "I promise, that one day someone will hug you so tightly and fix back all the broken pieces -- Yes, it's your halal husband." The term halal is used to describe things -- from people to food andservices -- that comply with Islamic religious requirements.

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- 'An empty project' - ====================== Other IS recruitment tools, such as its online English-language magazineDabiq, also tout the benefits available to arriving foreigners.

"There are plenty of homes and resources to cover you and your family," themagazine has written. According to Iraqi officials, IS has redistributed tofighters any homes vacated by civilians fleeing the group's takeover.

In its own version of classified ads, Dabiq advertised that IS needs"judges, people with military or administrative skills, doctors, and engineers"to travel to its territory.

Carnegie's Khatib said it was clear that propagandists like Mahmood wereworking under the supervision of IS.

"If she's real, then there's no doubt that the Islamic State groupsupervises her," she said. "She's one of their recruitment tools."

"These girls join this organisation looking for adventure... and some ofthem live in an imaginary world, dreaming of marrying fighters," Hassan Hassan, author of "ISIS: Inside the Army of Terror", told AFP. But once they have joined the ranks of IS, experts said, young recruits will find that trying to leave may cost them their lives.

More than 120 people were killed between October and December for trying to leave IS territory, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, a monitoring group. "I conducted interviews with two young men who came back from （IS-held）Raqa and other areas, and it was clear they were resentful and felt like theyhad been tricked," Khatib said.

Instead of the Islamic utopia IS had promised, these young men encounteredan area whose governance "was based on oppression and tells them not to think".

"They felt like they had been sold an empty project."

（完）

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